Epidemiological, clinical and immune factors that influence the persistence of antiphospholipid antibodies in leprosy

Abstract Introduction: Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are described in individuals with leprosy without the clinical features of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), a condition involving thromboembolic phenomena. We have described the persistence of these antibodies for over 5 years in patients with leprosy after specific treatment. Objectives: To determine whether epidemiological, clinical and immunological factors played a role in the longterm persistence of aPL antibodies in leprosy patients after multidrug therapy (MDT) had finished. Methods: The study sample consisted of 38 patients with a diagnosis of leprosy being followed up at the Dermatology and Venereology Outpatient Department at the Alfredo da Matta Foundation (FUAM) in Manaus, AM. ELISA was used to detect anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-β2 glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) antibodies. Patients were reassessed on average of 5 years after specific treatment for the disease (MDT) had been completed. Results: Persistence of aPL antibodies among the 38 leprosy patients was 84% (32/38), and all had the IgM isotype. Mean age was 48.1 ± 15.9 years, and 23 (72.0%) were male. The lepromatous form (LL) of leprosy was the most common (n = 16, 50%). Reactional episodes were observed in three patients (9.4%). Eighteen (47.37%) were still taking medication (prednisone and/or thalidomide). Mean IgM levels were 64 U/mL for aCL and 62 U/mL for anti-β2GPI. In the multivariate binary logistic regression the following variables showed a significant association: age (p = 0.045, OR = 0.91 and CI 95% 0.82-0.98), LL clinical presention (p = 0.034; OR = 0.02 and CI 95% = 0.0-0.76) and bacterial index (p = 0.044; OR = 2.74 and CI 95% = 1.03-7.33). We did not find association between prednisone or thalidomide doses and positivity for aPL (p = 0.504 and p = 0.670, respectively). No differences in the variables vascular thrombosis, pregnancy morbidity, diabetes, smoking and alcoholism were found between aPL-positive and aPL-negative patients. Conclusion: Persistence of positivity for aPL antibodies was influenced by age, clinical presentation and bacterial index. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the reason for this persistence, the role played by aPL antibodies in the disease and the B cell lineages responsible for generation of these antibodies.

Salivary Immunoglobulins in Individuals with Common Variable Immunodeficiency

Abstract Oral manifestations of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) are rare, have rarely been studied and have given controversial results. There are few data about IgA, IgG, and IgM antibody salivary levels in the literature, and there are few papers about the clinical impact of antibody deficiencies and CVID on the oral health of such patients. The aim of this study was to measure serum and salivary IgA, IgG, and IgM levels in CVID participants and controls, and to associate immunoglobulin levels with caries and periodontal disease. This was a case-control study involving 51 CVID individuals and 50 healthy controls. All participants underwent examination for dental caries and periodontal disease. Blood and whole saliva samples were collected on the same day of the oral examination. Serum IgA, IgM, and IgG levels were measured by turbidimetry and salivary IgA, IgM, and IgG titers were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Incidences of caries and gingivitis were significantly higher in the CVID group than in the control group (p<0.05). Salivary and blood IgA and IgM titers were significantly reduced in the CVID group, but there was no association of salivary immunoglobulin levels with periodontal disease or with caries incidence (p>0.05 for both). Although CVID was associated with increased susceptibility to caries and gingivitis, it was not associated with low salivary levels of IgA and IgM.

Resumo As manifestações orais em pacientes com imunodeficiência comum variável (ICV) têm sido pouco estudadas e com resultados variados. Há escassos dados na literatura sobre os níveis de IgA, IgG e IgM na saliva, e pouco se sabe sobre o impacto clínico da deficiência destes anticorpos sobre a saúde bucal de pacientes com ICV. O objetivo deste estudo foi medir os níveis séricos e salivares de IgA, IgG e IgM em indivíduos com ICV e controles, e associar os níveis de imunoglobulinas com cárie e doença periodontal. Este foi um estudo de caso-controle, envolvendo 51 indivíduos ICV e 50 controles saudáveis. Todos os participantes foram examinados para cárie e doença periodontal. As amostras de sangue e saliva foram coletadas no mesmo dia do exame intraoral. Os níveis de IgA, IgM e IgG foram medidos por turbidimetria, e os títulos salivares de IgA, IgM e IgG foram avaliados através método imunoenzimático (ELISA). As incidências de cáries e gengivite foram significativamente maiores no grupo ICV do que no grupo controle (p<0,05). Os níveis de IgA e IgM salivares e no sangue foram significativamente reduzidos no grupo ICV, porém não houve associação dos níveis de imunoglobulina salivar com doença periodontal ou com a incidência de cárie (p>0,05 para ambos). Embora ICV foi associado com um aumento da susceptibilidade à cárie e gengivite, não estava associado com baixos níveis salivares de IgA e IgM.

Opioides e o sistema imunológico: relevância clínica / Opioids and the immune system: clinical relevance / Los opioides y el sistema inmunológico: relevancia clínica

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: O crescente uso de opioides para o tratamento da dor é uma realidade em vários países. Com o aumento do uso aparecem questionamentos menos usuais, como a influência dos opioides nas respostas imunológicas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo detalhar a resposta imunológica explorando as influências dos efeitos dos opioides sobre a resposta inflamatória em situações experimentais e clínicas, bem como sua importância para a prática diária. CONTEÚDO: Após revisão de artigos publicados em revistas indexadas no Medline, foi descrita a resposta imunológica de forma geral, especialmente em seu aspecto celular. Após essa abordagem, foram identificados os mecanismos de liberação dos opioides endógenos e a modulação da resposta imune aos opioides exógenos na dor aguda e crônica, sempre finalizando com as implicações clínicas e sua aplicabilidade na rotina de atendimento. CONCLUSÕES: Embora vários estudos apontem para um efeito imunodepressor dos opioides, a relevância clínica dessas observações continua incerta e serve apenas como um prerrequisito para que novas investigações nessa área sejam conduzidas. Recomendações definitivas para a aplicação de opioides, nas mais variadas situações da prática clínica em relação às consequências imunológicas desses fármacos, ainda não podem ser dadas até o momento presente.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The increasing use of opioids for pain treatment is a reality in several countries and, therefore, unusual questions arise, such as the influence of opioids on immune responses. The present study aims to detail the immune response by exploring the influences of opiate effects on inflammatory response in experimental and clinical situations, as well as its importance in daily practice. CONTENT: After reviewing the articles published in journals indexed in Medline, we found that immune response has been generally described, especially regarding its cellular aspect. Following this approach, we identified the mechanisms of endogenous opioid release, modulation of immune response to exogenous opioids in acute and chronic pain, always ending with the clinical implications and applicability in routine care. CONCLUSIONS: Although several studies point to an immunosuppressive effect of opioids, the clinical relevance of these observations remains uncertain and only serves as a prerequisite for further investigations in this area. Definitive recommendations for the use of opioids in various situations of clinical practice regarding the immunological consequences of these drugs still cannot be provided until the present moment.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El creciente uso de opioides para el tratamiento del dolor es una realidad en varios países. Con el incremento de su uso van surgiendo cuestionamientos menos comunes, como la influencia de los opioides en las respuestas inmunológicas. El presente estudio tiene el objetivo de detallar la respuesta inmunológica explorando las influencias de los efectos de los opioides sobre la respuesta inflamatoria en situaciones experimentales y clínicas, como también su importancia para la práctica diaria. CONTENIDO: Después de la revisión de los artículos publicados en revistas indexadas en el Medline, se describió la respuesta inmunológica de forma general, especialmente en su aspecto celular. Después de ese abordaje, se identificaron los mecanismos de liberación de los opioides endógenos y la modulación de la respuesta inmune a los opioides exógenos en el dolor agudo y crónico, siempre finalizando con las implicaciones clínicas y con su aplicabilidad en la rutina de atención. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque varios estudios nos indiquen un efecto inmunodepresor de los opioides, la relevancia clínica de esas observaciones continúa sin conocerse por completo y solo sirve como un prerrequisito para que nuevas investigaciones en esa área puedan llegar a buen puerto. Las recomendaciones definitivas para la aplicación de los opioides en las más variadas situaciones de la práctica clínica con relación a las consecuencias inmunológicas de esos fármacos, todavía no han salido a la luz.

Avaliação da reação em cadeia da polimerase no diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar em pacientes indígenas e não indígenas / Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in indigenous and non-indigenous patients

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acurácia dos métodos bacteriológicos e da reação em cadeia da polimerase com oligonucleotídeos específicos para a IS6110 do complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis, em amostras de escarro de indígenas e não indígenas. MÉTODOS: Analisaram-se 214 amostras de escarro (154 de indígenas e 60 de não indígenas) quanto à acurácia da baciloscopia direta e pós-concentração, cultivo e reação em cadeia da polimerase. RESULTADOS: Ambos os métodos baciloscópicos, quando comparados com o cultivo ou a reação em cadeia da polimerase foram de baixa sensibilidade. A especificidade variou de 91 por cento a 100 por cento, sendo a baciloscopia pós-concentração menos específica. Nas amostras indígenas constataram-se três vezes mais isolamentos de micobactérias não tuberculosas do que nas não indígenas. Resultados da reação em cadeia da polimerase aparentemente falsos-positivos e negativos foram encontrados com maior freqüência na população indígena. CONCLUSÃO: Baciloscopias positivas para bacilos álcool-acidorresistentes com isolamento de micobactérias não tuberculosas e reação em cadeia da polimerase positiva estabelecem as hipóteses de: existência na Amazônia de espécies de micobactérias não tuberculosas com regiões do DNA homólogas à IS6110 ou ainda que possuam a IS6110, até então só descrita no complexo M. tuberculosis; impossibilidade de isolamento do M. tuberculosis pelo crescimento mais rápido de micobactérias não tuberculosas presentes nas amostras de escarro, por colonização da orofaringe ou da lesão tuberculosa; presença de DNA de M. tuberculosis devida a antecedente de tuberculose. A ausência de positividade em resultados bacteriológicos com reação em cadeia da polimerase positiva sugere questões técnicas inerentes aos métodos bacteriológicos ou precedentes de tuberculose.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of bacteriological methods and of polymerase chain reaction (with primers specific for IS6110 of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex) in testing sputum samples from indigenous (Amerindian) and non-indigenous patients. METHODS: A total of 214 sputum samples (154 from indigenous patients and 60 from non-indigenous patients) were analyzed in order to determine the accuracy of smear microscopy (direct and concentrated versions) for acid-fast bacilli, culture, and polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Both microscopy methods presented low sensitivity in comparison with culture and polymerase chain reaction. Specificity ranged from 91 percent to 100 percent, the concentrated acid-fast smear technique being the least specific. Nontuberculous mycobacteria were isolated three times more frequently in samples from indigenous patients than in those from non-indigenous patients. False-positive and false-negative polymerase chain reaction results were more common in the indigenous population. CONCLUSION: Positivity and isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria in the acid-fast smear in conjunction with polymerase chain reaction positivity raise the following hypotheses: nontuberculous mycobacteria species with DNA regions homologous to, or even still possessing, the M. tuberculosis IS6110 exist in the Amazon; colonization of the oropharynx or of a tuberculous lesion accelerates the growth of the nontuberculous mycobacteria present in the sputum samples, making it impossible to isolate M. tuberculosis; A history of tuberculosis results in positivity for M. tuberculosis DNA. The absence of bacteriological positivity in the presence of polymerase chain reaction positivity raises questions regarding the inherent technical characteristics of the bacteriological methods or regarding patient history of tuberculosis.

Heparin-antivenom association: differential neutralization effectiveness in Bothrops atrox and Bothrops erythromelas envenoming

Heparin, in some regions of Brazil has been used in the treatment of bothropic accidents, but the data found in the literature are inconclusive about its effectiveness. The venoms of Bothrops atrox and of B. erythromelas were characterized according to their biological activities. The capacity of heparin in neutralizing these activities was tested with doses of 3 and 6 IU in isolated form and associated to Antibothropic Serum (ABS). It was verified that heparin, in doses of 3 and 6 IU, was not effective in neutralizing the desfibrinating and edema-forming activities of B. atrox venom and the hemorrhagic and coagulant actions of both venoms. Heparin diminished the effectiveness of the ABS in the neutralization of the hemorrhagic and edema-forming activities of the B. atrox venom. However, heparin in the 6 IU dose was capable of neutralize the edema-forming of the B. erythromelas and increase the effectiveness of the ABS. Heparin also neutralized the phospholipasic A2 activity of B. atrox (14.3 percent) and B. erythromelas (28.0 percent) venoms. For B. erythromelas venom, the associated treatment, heparin and ABS, was more effective in the neutralization of its lethal activity